For the last two centuries "Vom Kriege" has been used to justify two different kinds of totalitarianisms: Marxism-Leninism and Nazism. However, during the 1950s liberal thinking also made use of that work. In line with liberal thinking, Raymond Aron's Penser la Guerre, Clausewitz presents Clausewitz's work as moderate and liberal and underplays its totalitarian connections.