Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Israelite Origins and Kingdom 2. Judea and the Origins of the Dispora 3. Roman Palestine and Sassanid Babylonia 4. The Jews in the Islamic World: From the Rise of Islam to the End of the Middle Ages 5. The Jews of Medieval Christian Europe 6. The Jews in the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East 7. The Jews of Western Europe 8. The Jews of Eastern Europe and the United States 9. The Holocaust 10. Zionism and the Origins of the State of Israel 11. The Jewish People after 1948 Bibliography Index.